When to Refer to an Ocularist

Patients who need to be referred to an Ocularist usually fall into the following categories, 1) recent enucleation/evisceration, 2) problems with an existing prosthesis, 3) blind eyes requiring a scleral shell, and 4) congenital anophthalmia/microphthalmia.

Post Operative Patients

Normally, patients who have had an enucleation or evisceration should be referred to the Ocularist for fitting of the ocular prosthesis 6 to 8 weeks post operatively. This period of time allows for sufficient healing and a stable socket. Although patients healing rates vary by the technique and implant material used, age, previous treatments and other medical conditions, the anophthalmic socket or eviscerated globe is ready for fitting when chemosis and orbital inflammation have fully resolved. The impression fitting will be invalid if significant change in the orbit occurs after the impression is taken.

As an interim measure, the patient can be referred at around 4 weeks following surgery for evaluation of the fit of the post operative conformer, to either fit a better fitting conformer, or fit a temporary prosthetic eye. This also allows the patient to be introduced to the Ocularist and the fitting and fabrication procedures.

Patients With Established Prostheses

Patients with existing ocular prostheses will often need to be referred to the Ocularist for problems with either the surface condition of the prosthesis or problems with the fit of the prosthetic eye or scleral shell.

Surface Condition Problems

With continuous wear of an ocular prosthesis, there is a build up of a protein film on the surface of the prosthesis. This is normally cleaned off by the patient during a 1-to-3 month interval. This time span varies with each individual and can even vary throughout the year for the individual patient. With overextended wear, the protein build up can be quite encrusted and difficult to clean. The Ocularist often needs to polish off the stubborn surface deposits.

With normal wear and handling of the ocular prosthesis, it is not uncommon to acquire fine, hairline scratches in the plastic surface of the prosthesis. The scratches and other surface defects can be caused by many factors and need to be professionally polished out by the Ocularist.

Poor Fit Of The Ocular Prosthesis/Sceral Shell

The fit of a prosthetic eye or scleral shell will deteriorate over time. The average life of an ocular prosthesis is 5 years. The most common reasons for prosthetic eye replacement is poor fit due to orbital fat atrophy and implant migration resulting in recession of the prosthesis with the corresponding narrowing of the palpebral fissure. In addition, the comfort of the prosthesis is often affected. With a scleral shell, continued phthisis or other changes in the globe may be contributing factors.

Children will often need more frequent replacements and/or enlargements to compensate for growth and help stimulate bony orbital growth.

Conditions of socket contracture, lagophthalmos, ptosis, lower lid laxity, entropion, ectropion, implant exposure and other conditions can often be improved or minimized with the appropriate prosthetic modifications. In some cases, enlargement or reduction of the prosthesis is indicated and in other cases, replacement is the appropriate choice.

Blind Eyes Requiring Scleral Shells

Scleral cover shells are fitted over the conditions of phthisis bulbi, evisceration, congenital microphthalmia, and the normal sized, blind, disfigured eye. Scleral shells differ from prosthetic eyes in their thickness and length of wearing time depending on the size and sensitivity of the eye. If there are questions of successful wear of the scleral shell due to corneal sensitivity, they can be answered with a consultation with the Ocularist and may involve fitting of a clear trial shell.

Congenital Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia

In cases of congenital microphthalmia and more importantly, congenital anophthalmia, it is important to refer the infant/child to the Ocularist as early as possible to start the fitting of conformers and/or prostheses to help stimulate bony orbital growth. Fitting of a series of increasing larger prostheses will help to minimize the hypoplasia and form an adequate socket. Normally, the only limiting factor is the stenotic palpebral fissure, but with time and non-surgical prosthetic augmentation, a good result is achieved. EUAs for impressions and/or fittings of larger shapes may be needed

Services Provided By The Ocularist

The following summary will be of help in assessing the appropriate service to be requested by the ophthalmologist of the Ocularist.

• CLEANING: as needed (1-3 month average) normally done by patient
• POLISHING: 1-2 times a year depending on patient care
• ENLARGEMENT: within first 1-3 years of life of prosthesis or due to growth
• REDUCTION: as indicated due to socket contracture, lagophthalmos, etc.
• REPLACEMENT: 5 years or as needed when change in fit, comfort, cosmesis

Due to the requirements of most insurance policies, a written prescription from the referring physician or other appropriate eye care specialist is often required.